Post by Dan K. Hansen on May 31, 2010 12:35:17 GMT
This is a very good walk-through of "our" INS.
What is INS?
INS(Inertial Navigational System) is an autonomous device to help pilots go from A to B. It is said to be autonomous because it doesn't rely on any mechanism outside the aircraft to provide navigational guidance. In a way, it is similar to the Russian NAS-1 and NVU devices. In that way it diverges from VOR or GPS navigation. VOR relies on beacons and GPS on satellites to provide input data for its systems. It uses gyroscopes and a Doppler radar to continually track the aircraft position. To do so, it presents the user with geographical coordinates in the form of:-
Latitude- from 0 to 80 degrees North or South
Longitude- from 0 to 180 degrees West or East
By knowing your initial position and how much you traveled and in what heading, INS can guide the plane to a new Waypoint.
Please, read carefully George's instructions on the B707 Manual for its 1965 and 1970 panels in order to understand the several buttons and rotary switches on the MSU (Mode Selector Unit) and CDU (Control and Display Unit).
This is a small flight example to demonstrate the INS capabilities. It is not based on real or even realistic procedures for the airports involved. I am not a real pilot and I wouldn't know what are the real departure and arrival procedures.
The airports in use are Ponta Delgada airport (Joao Paulo II), ICAO code LPPD, passing through Santa Maria airport, LPAZ and arrival at Lisbon airport, LPPT.
I will use the Boeing 707-323C in AA livery, but you can use any B707 with the 1965 or 1970 panels. Fuel load is 40% for all tanks.
Departure
From Cold and Dark
Go to Ponta Delgada Airport, LPPD, any ramp position you like. I'm using a modified AFCAD and will start from North Parking 3.
1- Start by switching on your battery and asking for External Power to be connected.
2- After making sure that you have the ground unit connected, switch on the INS by moving the MSU switch to STBY. Enter your ramp position by looking at your present coordinates (Shift+Z) on the CDU: move the mode switch to POS and enter the following sequence: N 37 44 6 [INSERT] W 25 41 8 [INSERT]
Rotate the mode switch to DSTRK/STS. If there's any error by the red WARN lamp, clear it by pressing the TEST button. It is normal to get a 6-41 error code in FS.
3- On the MSU press for 2 seconds on the ALIGN label. Alignment will take a few minutes. You can speed it up by pressing the hidden switch at the top-right of the MSU (though this is not realistic). You need to make sure that your brakes are ON and no movement can be made.
4- After alignment is complete, and the performance index has gone from 9 to 5 or bellow, you can switch the MSU to NAV (again there's a need to press it for 2 seconds: that's to simulate the fact the one used to pull the knob).
5- Now you can enter your Waypoints by rotating the mode switch on the CDU (on the pedestral) to WPT and the Waypoint switch to 1. The order is the same as when you entered the initial position, witch is your Waypoint 0.
These are the waypoints from LPPD to LPPT:
1- N 36'' 57.7 W 25'' 09.9 (VSM VOR @ 113.70)
2- N 38'' 53.2 W 09'' 09.7 (LIS VOR @ 114.80)
6- Rotate the mode switch to DIS/TIME and press the following:
[WPT CHG] 0 1 [INSERT]
That will set up the INS for the first leg and you can check that you should get a distance of 53NM and the time will be 9999 as you are standing still on the tarmac.
7- You should enter the VSM VOR on your NAV 2 radio @ 113.70 and RWY 30 @ 109.50, course 305, on the NAV1 radio.
8- Now you are ready to start engines following the excellent tutorial by Mark and it is posted on all forum rooms.
9- Set up your plane for TO and align with RWY 30. I'll suggest you set the HDG bug to 305.
First Leg
1- After TO, follow the 305 HDG up to an altitude of 1500ft. Switch on your Autopilot and to the HDG mode.
2- Rotate the HDG bug to 160. After the turn is complete, move the Autopilot mode to INS.
Here we are ready to turn inbound to the VSM VOR.
3- Accelerate to Climb speed (250kts bellow 10000ft) and I'll suggest that you keep bellow that until you reach Santa Maria Airport (that way you can see the airport while overflowing it)
At this time you will hear a bell and the plane will turn into a heading of 83 approximately. (Don't look to closely to the photo, as this is a new scenery I'm working on )
4- Climb to your cruise altitude. I normally use 33000ft, 310KIAS or MACH 0.85.
You could keep track of your progress by tunning your NAV 1 to the VSM VOR (113.70 with a course of +- 83).
On the CDU, rotate the mode dial to DIS/TIME and make sure that the FROM-TO Display shows 1 2.
As you can see, there's 126 minutes to reach the 2nd Waypoint.
5- Relax, talk to your crew, have a cup of coffee or tea. It will take 1 hour and a half to reach Lisbon.
Descent and Approach
1- At 200NM from the end of your 2nd leg, prepare your instruments for arrival:
Tune LIS VOR (114.80) into NAV 2,
LPPT RWY 3 @ 109.10, course 29 into NAV 1.
and HDG bug to 209.
2- From 33000ft, Mach 0.85, you will need to start your descent at around 120NM from LIS VOR at 1600fpm. You aim to reach LIS VOR at no more than 6000ft.
Reaching the Lisbon coast.
3- INS was not made to lead you from a departure runway to an arrival runway, but you can try setting up these additional waypoints:
3- N 38'' 39 8 W 9'' 16 9
4- N 38'' 37 8 W 9'' 12 9
5- N 38'' 45 9 W 9'' 08 6
I'll be admired if that leads you into the RWY! With short distances, the system hasn't sufficient time to settle into the correct course.
To insert these waypoints follow the same procedure as before:
rotate the CDU mode dial to WPT and the Waypoint switch to the next available number, in this case it will be 3, 4 and 5. Press the N, numbers, [INSERT] button, W followed by numbers and again [INSERT] button.
6- At 4NM from LIS VOR disconect INS by moving the Autopilot Mode switch to HDG. As you have it already set up to the heading of 209, your plane will do a sharp turn into 209. Continue your descend for 17NM from LIS VOR to 3000ft.
7- Turn into a HDG of 129 to catch the RWY 2 ILS (109.10, course 29).
8- Have a soft landing!
9- Taxi into the ramp and enjoy this city of 7 mounts!
P.S. This is dedicated to my father who loved the 707 and Lisbon.
Have a nice flight!
Ricardo Miranda
London, UK
What is INS?
INS(Inertial Navigational System) is an autonomous device to help pilots go from A to B. It is said to be autonomous because it doesn't rely on any mechanism outside the aircraft to provide navigational guidance. In a way, it is similar to the Russian NAS-1 and NVU devices. In that way it diverges from VOR or GPS navigation. VOR relies on beacons and GPS on satellites to provide input data for its systems. It uses gyroscopes and a Doppler radar to continually track the aircraft position. To do so, it presents the user with geographical coordinates in the form of:-
Latitude- from 0 to 80 degrees North or South
Longitude- from 0 to 180 degrees West or East
By knowing your initial position and how much you traveled and in what heading, INS can guide the plane to a new Waypoint.
Please, read carefully George's instructions on the B707 Manual for its 1965 and 1970 panels in order to understand the several buttons and rotary switches on the MSU (Mode Selector Unit) and CDU (Control and Display Unit).
This is a small flight example to demonstrate the INS capabilities. It is not based on real or even realistic procedures for the airports involved. I am not a real pilot and I wouldn't know what are the real departure and arrival procedures.
The airports in use are Ponta Delgada airport (Joao Paulo II), ICAO code LPPD, passing through Santa Maria airport, LPAZ and arrival at Lisbon airport, LPPT.
I will use the Boeing 707-323C in AA livery, but you can use any B707 with the 1965 or 1970 panels. Fuel load is 40% for all tanks.
Departure
From Cold and Dark
Go to Ponta Delgada Airport, LPPD, any ramp position you like. I'm using a modified AFCAD and will start from North Parking 3.
1- Start by switching on your battery and asking for External Power to be connected.
2- After making sure that you have the ground unit connected, switch on the INS by moving the MSU switch to STBY. Enter your ramp position by looking at your present coordinates (Shift+Z) on the CDU: move the mode switch to POS and enter the following sequence: N 37 44 6 [INSERT] W 25 41 8 [INSERT]
Rotate the mode switch to DSTRK/STS. If there's any error by the red WARN lamp, clear it by pressing the TEST button. It is normal to get a 6-41 error code in FS.
3- On the MSU press for 2 seconds on the ALIGN label. Alignment will take a few minutes. You can speed it up by pressing the hidden switch at the top-right of the MSU (though this is not realistic). You need to make sure that your brakes are ON and no movement can be made.
4- After alignment is complete, and the performance index has gone from 9 to 5 or bellow, you can switch the MSU to NAV (again there's a need to press it for 2 seconds: that's to simulate the fact the one used to pull the knob).
5- Now you can enter your Waypoints by rotating the mode switch on the CDU (on the pedestral) to WPT and the Waypoint switch to 1. The order is the same as when you entered the initial position, witch is your Waypoint 0.
These are the waypoints from LPPD to LPPT:
1- N 36'' 57.7 W 25'' 09.9 (VSM VOR @ 113.70)
2- N 38'' 53.2 W 09'' 09.7 (LIS VOR @ 114.80)
6- Rotate the mode switch to DIS/TIME and press the following:
[WPT CHG] 0 1 [INSERT]
That will set up the INS for the first leg and you can check that you should get a distance of 53NM and the time will be 9999 as you are standing still on the tarmac.
7- You should enter the VSM VOR on your NAV 2 radio @ 113.70 and RWY 30 @ 109.50, course 305, on the NAV1 radio.
8- Now you are ready to start engines following the excellent tutorial by Mark and it is posted on all forum rooms.
9- Set up your plane for TO and align with RWY 30. I'll suggest you set the HDG bug to 305.
First Leg
1- After TO, follow the 305 HDG up to an altitude of 1500ft. Switch on your Autopilot and to the HDG mode.
2- Rotate the HDG bug to 160. After the turn is complete, move the Autopilot mode to INS.
Here we are ready to turn inbound to the VSM VOR.
3- Accelerate to Climb speed (250kts bellow 10000ft) and I'll suggest that you keep bellow that until you reach Santa Maria Airport (that way you can see the airport while overflowing it)
At this time you will hear a bell and the plane will turn into a heading of 83 approximately. (Don't look to closely to the photo, as this is a new scenery I'm working on )
4- Climb to your cruise altitude. I normally use 33000ft, 310KIAS or MACH 0.85.
You could keep track of your progress by tunning your NAV 1 to the VSM VOR (113.70 with a course of +- 83).
On the CDU, rotate the mode dial to DIS/TIME and make sure that the FROM-TO Display shows 1 2.
As you can see, there's 126 minutes to reach the 2nd Waypoint.
5- Relax, talk to your crew, have a cup of coffee or tea. It will take 1 hour and a half to reach Lisbon.
Descent and Approach
1- At 200NM from the end of your 2nd leg, prepare your instruments for arrival:
Tune LIS VOR (114.80) into NAV 2,
LPPT RWY 3 @ 109.10, course 29 into NAV 1.
and HDG bug to 209.
2- From 33000ft, Mach 0.85, you will need to start your descent at around 120NM from LIS VOR at 1600fpm. You aim to reach LIS VOR at no more than 6000ft.
Reaching the Lisbon coast.
3- INS was not made to lead you from a departure runway to an arrival runway, but you can try setting up these additional waypoints:
3- N 38'' 39 8 W 9'' 16 9
4- N 38'' 37 8 W 9'' 12 9
5- N 38'' 45 9 W 9'' 08 6
I'll be admired if that leads you into the RWY! With short distances, the system hasn't sufficient time to settle into the correct course.
To insert these waypoints follow the same procedure as before:
rotate the CDU mode dial to WPT and the Waypoint switch to the next available number, in this case it will be 3, 4 and 5. Press the N, numbers, [INSERT] button, W followed by numbers and again [INSERT] button.
6- At 4NM from LIS VOR disconect INS by moving the Autopilot Mode switch to HDG. As you have it already set up to the heading of 209, your plane will do a sharp turn into 209. Continue your descend for 17NM from LIS VOR to 3000ft.
7- Turn into a HDG of 129 to catch the RWY 2 ILS (109.10, course 29).
8- Have a soft landing!
9- Taxi into the ramp and enjoy this city of 7 mounts!
P.S. This is dedicated to my father who loved the 707 and Lisbon.
Have a nice flight!
Ricardo Miranda
London, UK
